Caroline Haythornthwaite
& Chip Bruce
Graduate School of Library and Information Science,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
See also the research site for the
Distributed Knowledge Research Collaborative (DKRC)
www.dkrc.org
Time: Wednesday, 9:00 a.m. - 12:00
Place: Room 109, GSLIS building, 501 East Daniel.
Office hours: Haythornthwaite – Thursday 1-3pm (or by appointment); Bruce – Tuesday and Thursday 1-2pm (or by appointment).
Current research on distributed knowledge processes suggests a conflict between the goals of technology to support such processes and the nature of knowledge processes in groups. This conflict centers around observations that authentic and efficient knowledge creation and sharing is deeply embedded in interpersonal, face-to-face contexts. On the other hand, technologies to support distributed knowledge processes rely upon the assumption that knowledge can be made mobile outside of these specific contexts. This conflict is of growing national importance as millions of industrial, government, and university dollars are being invested in building infrastructures to support distributed collaboration and knowledge processes.
This course provides students with an introduction to the nature of knowledge and the problems it presents for research, work and technology support for knowledge that spans organizations, disciplines, and geographic distance. Our focus is on understanding the nature of distributed knowledge processes and issues, and exploring the social and technical infrastructure that can support knowledge creation, sharing, exchange and dissemination. We explore the bases of knowledge, including
We focus on the distribution of knowledge, where "distribution" is taken to include transfer, exchange, codification, mobilization, learning, and education across geographic distances, experiential differences, knowledge domains, and organizational or unit boundaries. Thus our focus in on knowledge processes that include more than one person or unit. We explore the processes, problems and situations where knowledge is jointly created, co-constructed, coordinated, codified and used, including understanding
The course draws from research on knowledge in multiple disciplines, including library and information science, communications, computer science, education, management, philosophy, and social studies of science and technology. Readings and discussions bear on issues of knowledge management, knowledge creation, knowledge transfer, collaborative learning, scientific communication.
Finding the references
A lot of the journal articles are available online, but you may need to go through UIUC to see the full text. via UIUC: see the Electronic Journals - Alphabetically by Title: http://www.library.uiuc.edu/eresource/all.asp?start=A&type=E
ingenta: http://www.ingenta.com/
Caveat: We are compiling the resources currently listed as in books, but we’re not done yet. Readings will be chapters of books if a book is listed. If no chapter is noted, it’s because we haven’t received the book from the library yet to check what chapters to suggest. Of course, the whole book is worthwhile too!
Jan. 16: Introduction
Kanfer, A., Haythornthwaite, C., Bruce, B. C., Bowker, G., Burbules, N., Porac, J., & Wade, J. (2000). Modeling distributed knowledge processes in next generation multidisciplinary alliances. Information Systems Frontiers (Special issue on Knowledge Management), 2(3/4), 317-331. Available online on DKRC site via this page http://www.dkrc.org/publications/articles.shtml [by members of DKRC.]
Jan. 23: Knowledge and Knowing
Cook, S.D.N., & Brown, J.S. (1999). Bridging epistemologies: The generative dance between organizational knowledge and organizational knowing. Organization Science, 10(4), 381-400.
Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge creating company . New York: Oxford University Press. (Chapter 3)
Feltovich, Paul J., Spiro, Rand J., Coulson, Richard L., & Feltovich, Joan (1996). Collaboration within and among minds: Mastering complexity, individually and in groups. In T. Koschmann (Ed.) CSCL: Theory and practice of an emerging paradigm (pp. 25-44). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Stehr, Nico (2001). Modern societies as knowledge societies. In G. Ritzer & B. Smart, Handbook of Social Theory (pp. 494-508). London: Sage.
Jan. 30: Communities, Communities of Practice, Communities of Inquiry
Peirce, Charles Sanders (1868). Some consequences of four incapacities claimed for man. Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 2, 140-157. Available online at: http://www.peirce.org/writings/p27.html
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. (Chapter 1).
Brown, J.S. & Duguid, P. (2001). Knowledge and organization: A social-practice perspective. Organization Science, 12(2), 198-213. (available online via UIUC )
Collins, Randall (1998).The sociology of philosophies: A global thoery of intellectual change. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (p. 19-53).
Further Readings & References
Classic short papers on communities of practice (from Phil Agre's Red Rock
Eater)
http://www.co-i-l.com/coil/knowledge-garden/cop/knowing.shtml
;
http://www.co-i-l.com/coil/knowledge-garden/cop/lss.shtml
;
http://www.parc.xerox.com/ops/members/brown/papers/orglearning.html ;
http://www.libdex.com/weblogs.html
Hutchins, Edwin (1995). Cognition in the wild. MIT Press. For an introduction, see http://hci.ucsd.edu/hutchins/citw.html
Orr, Julian (1996). Talking about machines: An ethnography of a modern job. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Articulation work: Engstrom; Strauss
Feb. 6: Common Language, Common Knowledge
Pratt, M. L. (1987). Linguistic utopias. In N. Fabb, D. Attridge, A. Durant, & C. MacCabe (Eds.), The linguistics of writing: Arguments between language and literature (pp. 48-66). New York: Methuen.
Lakoff, G & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: Univ. of Chicago Press. (pg. 1-33; they're small pages)
Bentley, Arthur F. (1954). The human skin: Philosophy's last line of defense. In Sidney Ratner, editor, Inquiry into inquiries, (pp. 195-211). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., &; Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language: Towns, buildings, construction. New York: Oxford University Press. (preface, and chapter 3)
Further Readings & References
Clark, H.H. (1996). Using language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. (Chapter 1).
Philosophical writings on belief, meaning, and common knowledge
Meggle, G. re common belief and common knowledge; S. R. Schiffer, re meaning;
Duncker, E. (2001). Symbolic communication in multidisciplinary cooperations. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 26(3), 349-386.
Feb. 13: Structures: People, People and artifacts, (Inter)Disciplines
Haythornthwaite, C. (in press). Building social networks via computer networks: Creating and sustaining distributed learning communities. In A. Renninger & W. Shumar (Eds.) Building Virtual Communities: Learning and Change in Cyberspace. Cambridge University Press. Available online at: http://classweb.lis.uiuc.edu/~haythorn/hay_bvc.html .
Latour, Bruno. (1987) Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
Lynch, M. (1985). Art and artifact in laboratory science: A study of shop work and shop talk in a research laboratory. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Palmer, Carole L. (1999). Structures and strategies of interdisciplinary science, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(3) , 242-253.
Further Readings & References
Pierce, Sydney J. (1999) Boundary crossing in research literatures as a means of interdisciplinary information transfer. JASIS, 50(3), 271-9.
Nardi, B.A., Whittaker, S. & Schwarz, H. (no date). NetWORKers and their activity in intensional networks, J. of CSCW. http://www1.ics.uci.edu/~redmiles/activity/final-issue.html
Structure of Problems: Feltovich et al, in Koschmann (see above)
Interdisciplinary work
Qin, Jian, Lancaster, F.W. & Allen, B. (1997). Types and levels of collaboration in interdisciplinary research in the sciences. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(10), 893-916.
Feb. 20: Scientific communication
Star, S.L. & Griesemer, J. (1989). Institution ecology, translations, and coherence: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley's museum of vertebrate zoology, 1907-1939. Social Studies of Science, 19, 387-420.
Latour, B. (1988). Drawing things together. In M. Lynch &; S. Woolgar (Eds.), Representation in scientific practice (pp. 19-68). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Swales, John (1998). Other Floors, Other Voices: A Textography of a Small University Building. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (for a write-up on this book, probably by Greg Myers, see http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/greg/genre/SWALES.htm )
Walsh, J. P., Kucker, Stephanie, Maloney, Nancy G., and Gabbay, Shaul. (2000). Connecting minds: Computer-mediated communication and scientific work. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 51(14), 1295-305.
Further Readings & References
More on CMC and scientific work
Crane, D. (1972). Invisible Colleges: Diffusion of knowledge in scientific communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kraut, R.E., Egido, C. & Galegher, J. (1990). Patterns of contact and communication in scientific research collaboration. In Galegher, J., Kraut, R. E., Egido, C. (Eds.), Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work (pp. 149-171). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Carley, K., & Wendt, K. (1991). Electronic mail and scientific communication. Knowledge 12(4), 406-440.
Walsh, J. & Bayma, T. (1996) Computer networks and scientific work. Social Studies of Science, 26, 661-703.
Walsh, John P, and Bayma, Todd. (1996) The virtual college: Computer-mediated communication and scientific work. The Information Society, 12(4), 343-363.
Feb. 27: Knowledge in Organizations
Bush, Vannevar (1945). As we may think. The Atlantic Monthly, 176(1), 101-108. http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm
Brown, J.S., & Duguid, P. (1998). Organizing knowledge. California Management Review, 40(1), 90-111. Available online at: http://www.slofi.com/organizi.htm [Also Republished in December, 1999 in Reflections, "The Society for Organizational Learning Journal" with commentaries by Wanda J. Orlikowski and Etienne Wenger.]
Fischer, H., Porac, J., Wade, J.B., Brown, J., DeVaugh, M. & Kanfer, A. (forthcoming 2002). Mobilizing knowledge in interorganizational alliances. In N. Bontis and C.W. Choo (Eds.). The Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge. NY: Oxford Univ. Press. Available online at: http://www.bus.wisc.edu/research/hfischer/research.htm [These are members of DKRC.]
Hansen, Morten T. (1999). The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 82-111.
Further Readings & References
Leonard-Barton, D. (1995). The Wellsprings of Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press. (Chapters 1 to 3).
Badaracco, Joseph (1991). The knowledge link : How firms compete through strategic alliances. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Diffusion of Innovations
A large and important area that we haven’t time to cover, which includes: adoption and diffusion of innovations, characteristics of adopters, strategies for disseminating information, and technology and information transfer.
Rogers, E.M (1995). Diffusion of Innovations. Fourth Edition. NY: The Free Press.
Tornatzky, L.G., & Fleischer, M. (1990). The Processes of Technological Innovation. Lexington, MA.:Lexington BooksSpecial issue on knowledge transfer:
Knowledge in organizations
Argote, L., Ingram, P., Levine, J. M., & Moreland, R. L. (Eds.) (2000). The psychological foundations of knowledge transfer in organizations. A special issue of Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, whole issue.
Choo, C.W., & Bontis, N. (forthcoming, 2002). Knowledge, intellectual capital, and strategy: Themes and tensions. In N. Bontis and C.W. Choo (Eds.). The Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge . NY: Oxford Univ. Press. Available online at: http://choo.fis.utoronto.ca/OUP/Chapter1.html -- this chapter provides an overview of the many dimensions of knowledge as it can be examined and applied in organizations, and of the 41 chapters in the book
Mar. 6: Technology: Collaboratories, CMC, Databases
Scardamalia, M. & Bereiter, C. (1996). Computer support for knowledge-building communities. In T. Koschmann (Ed.) CSCL: Theory and Practice of an Emerging Paradigm (pp.249-268). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Lunsford, K. J., & Bruce, B. C. (2001, September). Collaboratories: Working together on the web. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 45(1), 52-58. Available online at: http://www.readingonline.org/electronic/JAAL/9-01_Column/index.html
Robins, J. (1999). StoneSoup: A distributed collaboratory using software agents. Unpublished manuscript. Available online at: http://www.students.uiuc.edu/~jrobins/ss_paper.html
Brian Heidorn, re the Biological Information Browsing Environment (BIBE) project (reading to be determined)
Mar. 13: Third Spaces and the Commons
Gutiérrez, K., Baquedano-Lopez, P., & Tejeda, C. (2000). Rethinking diversity: Hybridity and hybrid language practices in the third space. Mind, Culture, & Activity: An International Journal, 6 (4), 286-303.
Kollock, P. & Smith, M.A. (1996). Managing the virtual commons: Cooperation and conflict in computer communities. In S. Herring (Ed.), Computer-Mediated Communication (pp. 109-128). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Clark, G. (1994). Rescuing the discourse of community. College Composition and Communication, 45(1), 61-74.
Mar. 20: BREAK
Mar. 27: Planning
Bruce, B. C., &; Newman, D. (1978). Analysis of interacting plans as a guide to the understanding of story structure. Poetics, 9, 295-311.
Prior, P. (1994). Response, revision, disciplinarity: A microhistory of a dissertation prospectus in sociology. Written Communication, 11, 483-533.
Suchman, L., Blomberg , J., Orr, J. & Trigg, R. (1999). Reconstructing technologies as social practice. American Behavioral Scientist, 43(3), 392-408.
Suchman, L. (1987). Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (selected chapters)
Apr. 3: Learning, Shared Cognition, Distributed Cognition
Twidale, Michael (no date). Over-the-shoulder learning: Supporting brief informal learning embedded in the work context. Available online at: http://classweb.lis.uiuc.edu/~twidale/pubs/otsl1.html
Blumenfeld, P.C., & Marx, R.W., Krajcik, J. S., & Soloway, E. (1996). Learning with peers: From small group cooperation to collaborative communities. Educational Researcher, 25(8), 37-40.
Nardi, B. (1996). Context and consciousness: Activity theory and human-computer interaction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Chapter 4).
Hutchins, E. L., and Klausen, T. (1996). Distributed cognition in an airline cockpit. In Y. Engestrom and D. Middleton (Eds.) Cognition and Communication at Work (pp. 15--34). NY: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, J.S., Collins, A. & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32-42.
Further Readings & References
Cognition
Dunbar, K. & Blanchette, I. (2001). The invivo/invitro approach to cognition: the case of analogy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 334-339. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~kndunbar/
Dunbar, K. (2000). What scientific thinking reveals about the nature of cognition. In Crowley, K., Schunn, C.D., & Okada, T. (Eds.) Designing for Science: Implications from Everyday, Classroom, and Professional Settings . LEA. Hillsdale:NJ. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~kndunbar/
Dunbar, K. (1999). The Scientist InVivo: How scientists think and reason in the laboratory. In Magnani, L., Nersessian, N., & Thagard, P. Model-based reasoning in scientific discovery. Plenum Press. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~kndunbar/
Shared cognition
Weick, K.E., & Roberts, K. (1993). Collective mind in organizations: Heedful interrelating on flight decks. ASQ, 38, 357-381.
Thompson, L., Levine, J.M.& Messick, D.M. (Eds.) (1999). Shared cognition in organizations: The management of knowledge. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Resnick, L.B. Levine, J.M. & Teasdale, S.D. (Eds.) (1991). Perspectives on socially shared cognition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Collaborative learning: Other chapters in Koschmann
Apr. 10: Meta-Knowledge
Kling, R. & Gerson, E. (1978). Patterns of segmentation and intersection in the computing world. Symbolic Interaction, 1(2), 24-43.
Bowker, G. & Star, S.L. (1999). Sorting things out: Classification and its consequences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Introduction, first two chapters and concluding chapters available at: http://weber.ucsd.edu/~gbowker/classification/
Orlikowski, W.J., Yates, J., Okamura, K., & Fujimoto, M. (1995). Shaping electronic communication: The metastructuring of technology in the context of use. Organization Science, 6(4), 423-44.
Apr. 17: Ethics & Policy
Carrington, V., & Luke, A. (1997). Literacy and Bourdieu's sociological theory: A reframing. Language and Education, 11(2), 96-112.
R. Harker, C. Mahar, & C. Wilkes. An introduction to the work of Pierre Bourdieu.
J. Dewey, Democracy and education, chapter 1. Available online at: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/digitexts/dewey/d_e/chapter01.html
Resnick, P. (in press). Beyond bowling together: Sociotechnical capital. In J. Carroll, HCI in the New Millenium. Adddison-Wesley. Available online at: http://www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/stk/ResnickSTK.pdf
NSF report from the task force on collaboratories program.
Lin, N. (2001). Building a network theory of social capital. In Nan Lin, Karen Cook and Ronald S. Burt (Eds.), Social Capital: Theory and Research (3-30). New York: Aldine de Gruyter. (We are using a 1999 version of this until the book comes in).
Further Readings & References
Intellectual capital
Bontis, Nick, M. Crossan, and J. Hulland. (forthcoming). Managing an Organizational Learning System by Aligning Stocks and Flows. Journal of Management Studies.
Bontis, N. (forthcoming). In Bontis & Choo
Apr. 24: Project presentations
May 1: Project presentations
________________________________________________
A list of terms you may run into regarding this area
trading zone; pattern language; scientometrics, bibliometrics, citation analysis, co-word analysis; pidgen language; boundary objects; embeddedness; collaboration; warrants; prototype (in linguistics usage, as a presentation of a category through use); tacit and embedded knowledge; immutable mobiles; attention economy; third spaces; pattern language; communities of practice; technologies: prescriptive vs permissive (Galegher & Kraut), interpretive flexibility (Bijker; Orlikowski); social construction of technology (SCOT); exploitation and exploration (Levinthal & March, 1993); ill-structured problems, ill-structured knowledge domains; codification; classification; categorization; co-construction; hidden work, invisible work, articulation work; core competencies and core rigidities (Leonard-Barton).
Special issues of journals on topics associated with DK
Emerging Learning Technologies: Case studies, project reports and short articles and announcements related to emerging learning technologies for July 2000 issue of Learning Technology newsletter
Adoption and Diffusion of New Media Technologies: Winter 2001 Convergence (vol. 7, no. 4) will be devoted to the theme of an historical approach to understanding the future adoption and diffusion of new media technologies.
Curriculum, Instruction, Learning and the Internet: Educational Technology & Society, July 2001.
Online Collaborative Learning Environments: Educational Technology & Society, 3(3). R. Hartley (Ed.)
Invisible Work: Nardi, B.A. & Engestrom, Y. (1999). A web on the wind: The structure of invisble work. Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, 8(1-2), whole issue.
Activity Theory and Design: Special issue of CSCW: Activity Theory and the Practice of Design. http://www1.ics.uci.edu/~redmiles/activity/final-issue.html
Interdisciplinarity in Teaching and Learning: inventio, special issue (Spring 2001) on the theme of interdisciplinarity in teaching and learning.
Strategic Networks: Special issue Strategic Management Journal on Strategic Networks, March 2000.
Knowledge transfer: Argote, L., Ingram, P., Levine, J. M., & Moreland, R. L. (Eds.) (2000). The psychological foundations of knowledge transfer in organizations. A special issue of Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, whole issue.
Time and organizational research: Paul S. Goodman, Deborah G. Ancona, Barbara S. Lawrence, and Michael L. Tushman, Special Issue Editors (Oct., 2001). The Academy of Management Review, 26(4), whole issue.
Course Assignments
Readings
Projects
Special topic project for each individual
Possible topics
alliances (science and/or business) -- -- articulation work -- -- boundary spanning -- -- collective minds -- -- common knowledge/shared meaning -- -- communities of practice -- -- complex knowledge -- -- computer-supported collaborative learning -- -- creativity and innovation -- -- cultural context of knowledge -- -- distributed cognition -- -- hidden work -- -- intellectual capital -- -- intellectual property (& copyright (& the Internet)) -- -- inter- and/or multi-disciplinary work -- -- invisible work -- -- knowledge creation -- -- knowledge dissemination -- -- knowledge management -- -- knowledge networks -- -- knowledge structures -- -- knowledge transfer -- -- language and common knowledge -- -- science and the Internet -- -- scientific communication -- -- situated action -- -- social capital and knowledge -- -- social exchange theory -- -- teams, groups and knowledge -- -- technologies & knowledge (GDSS, GSS, CMC) -- -- technologies for learning (e.g., Chickscope, Math forum, Inquiry page) -- -- transactive memory -- -- typologies of collaboration -- -- typologies of knowledge -- -- working together: collaboration or cooperation -- -- ETC.